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N5 Grammar Lesson 27

Plain forms: dictionary, ない, た and なかった

Make the dictionary, ない, た and なかった forms of every verb and the plain forms of adjectives and nouns (だ, じゃない, だった), read casual messages, and learn when casual speech is fine and when to stay with です and ます — with the kanji 文 and 字.

In this lesson you will

  • Make the dictionary form and the ない-form of group 1, 2 and 3 verbs
  • Make the た-form and the なかった-form from the て-form and the ない-form
  • Use the plain forms of い-adjectives, な-adjectives and nouns
  • Read short casual messages from friends
  • Know when casual speech is fine and when to keep です and ます
  • Read and write 文 and 字

Until now you have spoken in the polite style, with です and ます. But friends, family, LINE messages, manga, diaries and dictionaries use plain forms. You also need them for grammar inside longer sentences — you met ねる前に in lesson 26 — and for almost every N4 pattern. In this lesson you learn all four plain verb forms and when to use them.

Polite and plain

Polite (です / ます)PlainMeaning
食べます食べるeat (dictionary form)
食べません食べないdon’t eat (ない-form)
食べました食べたate (た-form)
食べませんでした食べなかったdidn’t eat (なかった-form)
高いです高いis expensive
元気です元気だis well
学生です学生だis a student

The dictionary form

This is the form dictionaries use. Group 2: drop ます and add る — 食べます → 食べる, 見ます → 見る, ねます → ねる. Group 1: the sound before ます moves from the i row to the u row — 行きます → 行く, 飲みます → 飲む, 話します → 話す, 買います → 買う, まちます → まつ, かえります → かえる, あそびます → あそぶ, いそぎます → いそぐ. Group 3: します → する, 来ます → 来る (くる). The verb groups are in lesson 11.

The ない-form

Group 2: drop ます and add ない — 食べない, 見ない. Group 1: the sound before ます moves to the a row + ない — 行かない, 飲まない, 話さない, またない. Verbs with い before ます take わ: 買います → 買わない, 会います → 会わない. Group 3: しない, 来ない (こない). One exception: the negative of ある is just ない. You already used this form in 〜ないでください (lesson 23).

The ない-form ends in い and changes like an い-adjective (lesson 12): 行かない → 行かなかった, just as 高い → 高かった.

The た-form and the なかった-form

If you know the て-form (lesson 18), you already know the た-form: change て to た and で to だ — 食べて → 食べた, 行って → 行った, 飲んで → 飲んだ, して → した, 来て → 来た (きた). For the past negative, change ない to なかった: 食べなかった, 行かなかった, しなかった, 来なかった (こなかった).

Adjectives and nouns

TypePresentNegativePastPast negative
い-adjective高い高くない高かった高くなかった
いいいいよくないよかったよくなかった
な-adjective元気だ元気じゃない元気だった元気じゃなかった
Noun学生だ学生じゃない学生だった学生じゃなかった

い-adjectives simply drop です; never add だ to them. In casual questions, だ is dropped too: 元気? — うん、元気. Casual questions have no か, just a rising voice: 行く?, 食べた?. “Yes” is うん and “no” is ううん.

When to use plain forms

  • Casual speech: friends your age, family, and coworkers who already speak casually with you.
  • Inside longer sentences, even in polite speech: ねる前に (lesson 26) and, at N4, 〜と思おもいます and many more.
  • Writing: diaries, notes, newspapers and many websites use the plain style.
  • Dictionaries: look up 食べる, not 食べます.

At work, with customers, your manager, older people and anyone you have just met, keep です and ます. Switching to plain forms too early sounds rude. Wait until the other person speaks casually with you or tells you that you can.

Reading casual messages

A message from a coworker who is also a friend: あした、休み? いっしょにラーメン食べない? — “Are you off tomorrow? Want to have ramen together?” 食べない? is the casual version of 食べませんか (lesson 25), and the particle を is dropped, as it often is in casual speech. Answers: いいね! (Sounds good!) or ごめん、あしたはちょっと… (Sorry, tomorrow’s a bit …).

New kanji: 文 and 字

文 (ぶん) — sentence; writing. 字 (じ) — character, letter, handwriting: 字がきれいですね — “Your handwriting is beautiful.” Together they make 文字 (もじ, characters, script). You will also see 漢字かんじ (kanji), ローマ字 (ローマじ, romaji) and 作文さくぶん (essay).

Common mistakes

  • “買あない” — verbs with い before ます take わ: 買わない.
  • Treating かえる (go home), はいる (enter) and しる (know) as group 2. They are group 1: かえらない, はいらない, かえった.
  • “あらない” — the negative of ある is just ない.
  • “高いだ” — い-adjectives never take だ.
  • Speaking casually to your manager because your coworkers do. Keep です and ます until they switch with you.

How to practise

  • Take ten verbs from lessons 11 and 18 and write their dictionary, ない, た and なかった forms.
  • Rewrite three polite sentences from your notebook in the plain style.
  • Write a three-line diary entry about yesterday in the plain style.
  • Write 文 and 字 on the worksheet and do the two fill-in exercises.

Study options

Vocabulary

Vocabulary list
JapaneseReadingRomajiMeaningType
食べるたべるtaberuto eat (dictionary form)Verb
行かないいかないikanaidon’t go; won’t go (ない-form)Verb
飲んだのんだnondadrank (た-form)Verb
しなかったしなかったshinakattadidn’t do (なかった-form)Verb
来るくるkuruto come (dictionary form)Verb
ある/ないある/ないaru / naithere is / there isn’t (plain)Verb
〜だ〜だ-dais (plain form of です)copula
〜だった〜だった-dattawas (plain past of です)copula
うんうんunyeah; yes (casual)Expression
ううんううんuunno; nope (casual)Expression
ごめんごめんgomensorry (casual)Expression
辞書じしょじしょjishodictionaryNoun
文ぶんbunsentenceNoun
字じjicharacter; letter; handwritingNoun
文字もじmojicharacters; scriptNoun

Grammar

Dictionary form

the plain present: do / will do

Group 2: ます → る (食べる, 見る). Group 1: the sound before ます moves to the u row (行きます → 行く, 飲みます → 飲む, 買います → 買う). Group 3: する, 来る (くる). Dictionaries list verbs in this form.

Examples

  1. 毎日日本語をべんきょうする。

    まいにちにほんごをべんきょうする。

    Mainichi Nihongo o benkyō suru.

    I study Japanese every day.

  2. あした、何時に来る?

    あした、なんじにくる?

    Ashita, nanji ni kuru?

    What time are you coming tomorrow?

  3. 日曜日は友だちと会う。

    にちようびはともだちとあう。

    Nichiyōbi wa tomodachi to au.

    I’m meeting a friend on Sunday.

ない-form

the plain negative: don’t / won’t

Group 2: ます → ない (食べない). Group 1: the sound before ます moves to the a row + ない (行かない, 飲まない); い becomes わ (買わない, 会わない). Group 3: しない, 来ない (こない). ある → ない.

Examples

  1. 今日は会社に行かない。

    きょうはかいしゃにいかない。

    Kyō wa kaisha ni ikanai.

    I’m not going to work today.

  2. わたしはお酒さけを飲まない。

    わたしはおさけをのまない。

    Watashi wa osake o nomanai.

    I don’t drink alcohol.

  3. 時間がない。

    じかんがない。

    Jikan ga nai.

    There’s no time.

た-form/なかった-form

the plain past: did / didn’t

Make the た-form from the て-form: て → た, で → だ (食べた, 行った, 飲んだ, した, 来た). Make the past negative from the ない-form: ない → なかった (食べなかった, 行かなかった).

Examples

  1. きのう、えいがを見た。

    きのう、えいがをみた。

    Kinō, eiga o mita.

    I watched a film yesterday.

  2. しゅうまつはどこへも行かなかった。

    しゅうまつはどこへもいかなかった。

    Shūmatsu wa doko e mo ikanakatta.

    I didn’t go anywhere at the weekend.

  3. ひるごはん、もう食べた?

    ひるごはん、もうたべた?

    Hirugohan, mō tabeta?

    Have you had lunch yet?

Plain adjectives and nouns: 〜だ・〜じゃない・〜だった

is / isn’t / was

い-adjectives just drop です: 高い, 高くない, 高かった. な-adjectives and nouns use だ, じゃない, だった and じゃなかった. Never put だ after an い-adjective. In casual questions, だ is dropped: 元気?

Examples

  1. このラーメン、おいしい!

    このラーメン、おいしい!

    Kono rāmen, oishii!

    This ramen is delicious!

  2. きのうはひまだった。

    きのうはひまだった。

    Kinō wa hima datta.

    I was free yesterday.

  3. あの人は学生じゃない。

    あのひとはがくせいじゃない。

    Ano hito wa gakusei ja nai.

    That person isn’t a student.

Plain or polite?

choosing the right style

Plain style: friends, family, people who speak casually with you, and writing such as diaries and notes. Polite style (です / ます): work, customers, your manager, older people and anyone you have just met. Plain forms are also used inside polite sentences: ねる前に (lesson 26).

Examples

  1. (友だちに)あした、ひま?

    (ともだちに)あした、ひま?

    (Tomodachi ni) Ashita, hima?

    (To a friend) Are you free tomorrow?

  2. (店長てんちょうに)あした、お時間はありますか。

    (てんちょうに)あした、おじかんはありますか。

    (Tenchō ni) Ashita, ojikan wa arimasu ka.

    (To the shop manager) Do you have time tomorrow?

Kanji

Select a kanji to see its readings, stroke count and example words.

  • 文sentence; writing
    On’yomi
    ブン、モン
    Kun’yomi
    ふみ
    Strokes
    4

    Example words

    • 文 ぶん sentence
    • 文字 もじ characters; script
    • 作文 さくぶん essay; composition
  • 字character; letter
    On’yomi
    ジ
    Kun’yomi
    あざ
    Strokes
    6

    Example words

    • 字 じ character; handwriting
    • 漢字 かんじ kanji
    • ローマ字 ローマじ romaji (Latin letters)

Practice quiz

Choose one answer for each question, then press “Check answer”. Nothing is saved or sent.

Question 1 of 10What is the dictionary form of 飲みます?
Question 2 of 10What is the ない-form of 買います?
Question 3 of 10What is the た-form of 行きます?
Question 4 of 10What is the plain form of 食べませんでした?
Question 5 of 10What is the ない-form of 来ます?
Question 6 of 10Which plain sentence is correct?
Question 7 of 10What is the plain form of 元気でした?
Question 8 of 10You are talking to your manager for the first time. Which is right?
Question 9 of 10A friend asks: ひるごはん、食べた? You haven’t eaten yet. What do you say?
Question 10 of 10How is 文字 read?

0 of 10 answered

Frequently asked questions

Do I need plain forms if I only speak politely?

Yes. Even in polite Japanese, plain forms appear inside sentences: ねる前に (lesson 26), and at N4 many patterns such as 〜とおもいます. You also need them to read messages, signs and websites, and to look up verbs in a dictionary.

When can I start speaking casually with a coworker?

Usually when they start speaking casually with you, or when they tell you that you can. With your manager, customers and older colleagues, keep です and ます even if they speak casually to you.

How do I know if a verb ending in る is group 1 or group 2?

Look at the sound before る. If it is an i or e sound (たべる, みる, ねる), the verb is usually group 2. But some common verbs are group 1 anyway: かえる (go home), はいる (enter), しる (know), はしる (run). Learn them as exceptions; dictionaries mark the group.

Is だ rude?

No, but it is direct. Many speakers drop it, especially in questions: げんき? instead of げんきだ? In writing, だ is neutral. With people you should be polite to, use です.

Keep going

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