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N4 Grammar Lesson 17

Conditions and directions: 〜ば, 〜と and 〜なら

Make the ば form, give directions and explain machines with 〜と, give advice with 〜なら, choose between たら, ば, と and なら, and use an ATM — with the kanji 銀, 使, 町, 京 and 図.

In this lesson you will

  • Make the ば form of verbs, adjectives and nouns
  • Give directions and explain how a machine works with dictionary form + と
  • Give advice about someone’s plan with 〜なら
  • Choose between 〜たら, 〜ば, 〜と and 〜なら
  • Read 銀行, 地図, 東京 and 京都と and the words on an ATM screen

In lesson 16 you learned 〜たら, the all-round “if”. Japanese has three more ways to say it, and each has its own job: 〜ば for conditions, 〜と for things that always happen (machines, directions) and 〜なら for advice about what someone has just said. This lesson teaches all three with situations you meet in town: asking the way, using an ATM and planning a day trip to Kyoto.

Making the ば form

Verbs: change the last u-sound to the e-sound and add ば: 行く → 行けば, 食べる → 食べれば, する → すれば, 来る → 来れば (くれば). Negative: ない → なければ. い-adjectives: い → ければ (いい → よければ). Nouns and な-adjectives: なら (ならば in writing).

Wordば formNegative ば form
行く行けば行かなければ
待まつ待まてば待またなければ
食べる食べれば食べなければ
する / 来るすれば / 来れば (くれば)しなければ / 来なければ
高い / いい高ければ / よければ高くなければ / よくなければ
ひま / 雨ひまなら / 雨ならひまじゃなければ / 雨じゃなければ

You have seen the negative ば form before: 〜なければなりません (lesson 4) literally means “if you don’t …, it won’t do”.

Conditions: 〜ば

A ば、B puts the focus on the condition: “if (only) A, then B”. You will hear it most in advice and set phrases: どうすればいいですか — “What should I do?” 早はやく行けば、すわれますよ — “If you go early, you can get a seat.” よければ、使ってください — “Please use it, if you like.” When A is an action, B is usually not a request or an invitation — use たら for those.

Always and directions: dictionary form + と

Dictionary form + と means “whenever A happens, B happens” — natural results, machines and directions: このボタンを押おすと、お金が出ます — “When you press this button, the money comes out.” 春になると、花がさきます — “When spring comes, the flowers bloom.” It is the standard way to give directions: まっすぐ行くと、左に銀行があります — “Go straight and there is a bank on the left.” B is never a request, an invitation or what you want to do.

Asking the way

An original example near a station:

リー:すみません。この町に郵便局ゆうびんきょくはありますか。
店の人:はい。この道をまっすぐ行くと、信号しんごうがあります。信号しんごうを右に曲まがると、左に銀行があります。郵便局ゆうびんきょくはその隣となりですよ。
リー:信号しんごうを右ですね。歩いて何分ぐらいですか。
店の人:五分ぐらいです。分からなければ、地図を見てください。駅の前にありますよ。
リー:ありがとうございます。

Lee: Excuse me, is there a post office in this town? Shop assistant: Yes. Go straight along this road and you’ll come to traffic lights. Turn right at the lights and there’s a bank on the left. The post office is next to it. Lee: Right at the lights. About how many minutes on foot? Shop assistant: About five. If you can’t find it, look at the map — there’s one in front of the station. Lee: Thank you.

Advice: 〜なら

なら picks up what the other person has just said and gives advice or information about it: A: 来週、京都とに行きます B: 京都とに行くなら、朝早はやく出たほうがいいですよ — “If you’re going to Kyoto, you’d better leave early in the morning.” With nouns: 銀行なら、駅の前にあります — “If it’s a bank you want, there’s one in front of the station.” The special point of なら is the order: the advice can be about something that happens before A (you leave early, then you are in Kyoto).

Which “if”? たら, ば, と or なら

FormMain useExampleRequest after it?
〜たらif / when — the all-rounder駅に着いたら、電話してくださいyes
〜ばthe condition matters; advice; set phrasesどうすればいいですかusually not (after an action verb)
〜とalways / naturally; machines; directions右に曲まがると、銀行がありますno
〜ならadvice about what was just said京都とに行くなら、電車が便利べんりですyes

When in doubt, たら is almost always understood. Use と for directions and machines, and なら when you answer someone’s plan.

Using an ATM

On the screenReadingMeaning
お引ひき出しおひきだしwithdrawal
お預あずけ入れおあずけいれdeposit
お振込ふりこみおふりこみbank transfer
残高照会ざんだかしょうかいざんだかしょうかいbalance enquiry
暗証番号あんしょうばんごうあんしょうばんごうPIN
手数すう料てすうりょうfee
確認かくにん / 取消とりけしかくにん / とりけしconfirm / cancel

Most screens work with と logic: カードを入れると、暗証番号あんしょうばんごうの画面がめんになります — “When you insert the card, the PIN screen appears.” Many ATMs have an English button. Fees depend on the bank, the machine and the time of day, and the screen shows the fee before you confirm. Our bank account guide explains accounts and transfers.

New kanji: 銀, 使, 町, 京, 図

銀 is silver: 銀行 (ぎんこう, bank). 使 is 使う (つかう, to use) — 使い方かた is “how to use”. 町 is a town or a part of a city: 町 (まち); in addresses 〜町 is read ちょう or まち, depending on the place. 京 means capital: 東京 (とうきょう, “eastern capital”) and 京都と (きょうと). 図 is a drawing or plan: 地図 (ちず, map) — 地 is from lesson 16.

Common mistakes

  • A request after と: 駅に着くと、電話してください ✗ → 駅に着いたら、電話してください ✓.
  • The ば form of いい: いければ ✗ → よければ ✓.
  • Past tense before なら for advice before a trip: 京都とに行ったなら、… ✗ → 京都とに行くなら、… ✓.
  • 来れば read as きれば: it is くれば.
  • Pressing 確認かくにん before checking the fee: the fee is shown on the screen before you confirm.

How to practise

  • Write directions from your station to your home or workplace with 〜と (three sentences).
  • Ask a friend about a plan and answer with 〜なら advice.
  • Write 銀, 使, 町, 京 and 図 on the worksheet and do the exercises.

Study options

Vocabulary

Vocabulary list
JapaneseReadingRomajiMeaningType
銀行ぎんこうginkōbankNoun
使いますつかいますtsukaimasuto useVerb
町まちmachitown; part of a cityNoun
東京とうきょうTōkyōTokyoNoun
京都ときょうとKyōtoKyotoNoun
地図ちずchizumapNoun
まっすぐまっすぐmassugustraight (ahead)Adverb
曲まがりますまがりますmagarimasuto turnVerb
信号しんごうしんごうshingōtraffic lightsNoun
角かどかどkadocornerNoun
渡わたりますわたりますwatarimasuto crossVerb
押おしますおしますoshimasuto press; to pushVerb
引ひき出しますひきだしますhikidashimasuto withdraw (money)Verb
暗証番号あんしょうばんごうあんしょうばんごうanshō bangōPINNoun
手数すう料てすうりょうtesūryōfee; handling chargeNoun

Grammar

ば form: 行けば · 食べれば · すれば · 来れば · 高ければ

if … (the condition)

Verbs: u-sound → e-sound + ば. ない → なければ. い-adjectives: い → ければ (いい → よければ). Nouns / な-adjectives: なら. After an action verb, B is usually not a request — use たら for that.

Examples

  1. どうすればいいですか。

    どうすればいいですか。

    Dō sureba ii desu ka.

    What should I do?

  2. 早はやく行けば、すわれますよ。

    はやくいけば、すわれますよ。

    Hayaku ikeba, suwaremasu yo.

    If you go early, you can get a seat.

Dictionary form+と

when / whenever … (always, naturally)

For natural results, machines, habits and directions. B is never a request, an invitation or a wish.

Examples

  1. このボタンを押おすと、お金が出ます。

    このボタンをおすと、おかねがでます。

    Kono botan o osu to, okane ga demasu.

    When you press this button, the money comes out.

  2. まっすぐ行くと、左に銀行があります。

    まっすぐいくと、ひだりにぎんこうがあります。

    Massugu iku to, hidari ni ginkō ga arimasu.

    Go straight and there’s a bank on the left.

Plain form / Noun+なら

if (it is the case that) … — advice

Takes up what the other person said and gives advice or information about it. The advice may be about something that comes before A.

Examples

  1. 京都とに行くなら、朝早はやく出たほうがいいですよ。

    きょうとにいくなら、あさはやくでたほうがいいですよ。

    Kyōto ni iku nara, asa hayaku deta hō ga ii desu yo.

    If you’re going to Kyoto, you’d better leave early in the morning.

  2. 銀行なら、駅の前にあります。

    ぎんこうなら、えきのまえにあります。

    Ginkō nara, eki no mae ni arimasu.

    If you’re looking for a bank, there’s one in front of the station.

たら · ば · と · なら — choosing

which “if” to use

たら = the all-rounder (requests OK). ば = the condition; advice (どうすれば). と = always; machines; directions (no requests). なら = advice about what was just said.

Examples

  1. 駅に着いたら、電話してください。

    えきについたら、でんわしてください。

    Eki ni tsuitara, denwa shite kudasai.

    Please call me when you get to the station.

  2. 春になると、花がさきます。

    はるになると、はながさきます。

    Haru ni naru to, hana ga sakimasu.

    When spring comes, the flowers bloom.

Kanji

Select a kanji to see its readings, stroke count and example words.

  • 銀silver
    On’yomi
    ギン
    Kun’yomi
    —
    Strokes
    14

    Example words

    • 銀行 ぎんこう bank
    • 銀 ぎん silver
    • 銀色 ぎんいろ silver (colour)
  • 使to use; messenger
    On’yomi
    シ
    Kun’yomi
    つか(う)
    Strokes
    8

    Example words

    • 使う つかう to use
    • 大使館 たいしかん embassy
    • 使い方 つかいかた how to use
  • 町town
    On’yomi
    チョウ
    Kun’yomi
    まち
    Strokes
    7

    Example words

    • 町 まち town
    • 町長 ちょうちょう town mayor
    • 下町 したまち old downtown
  • 京capital
    On’yomi
    キョウ、ケイ
    Kun’yomi
    —
    Strokes
    8

    Example words

    • 東京 とうきょう Tokyo
    • 京都 きょうと Kyoto
    • 上京 じょうきょう moving to Tokyo
  • 図drawing; plan
    On’yomi
    ズ、ト
    Kun’yomi
    はか(る)
    Strokes
    7

    Example words

    • 地図 ちず map
    • 図書館 としょかん library
    • 図 ず figure; diagram

Practice quiz

Choose one answer for each question, then press “Check answer”. Nothing is saved or sent.

Question 1 of 10What is the ば form of 行きます?
Question 2 of 10What is the ば form of いいです?
Question 3 of 10How is the ば form 来れば read?
Question 4 of 10Complete the directions: まっすぐ行く ___ 、左に銀行があります。
Question 5 of 10Which sentence is NOT natural?
Question 6 of 10A: 来週、京都とに行きます。 B: 京都とに ___ 、朝早はやく出たほうがいいですよ。
Question 7 of 10Complete: すみません、どう ___ いいですか。 (What should I do?)
Question 8 of 10How is 地図 read?
Question 9 of 10How is 銀行 read?
Question 10 of 10On an ATM, what is 暗証番号あんしょうばんごう?

0 of 10 answered

Frequently asked questions

Which “if” should I use when I am not sure?

Use たら. It works in almost every situation, including requests and invitations. Use と for directions and machines, and なら when you answer someone’s plan with advice.

Why can’t I use a request after と?

と describes things that always or naturally happen: press the button and the money comes out. A request is not a natural result, so it sounds wrong. Use たら instead: 駅に着いたら、電話してください.

Is 町 read まち or ちょう?

On its own and in most words it is まち (town). In addresses, 〜町 can be read ちょう or まち depending on the place, so check the reading of your own address at the ward or city office.

Do ATMs in Japan have English?

Many ATMs, for example in convenience stores and at big banks, have an English button. Fees depend on the bank, the machine and the time, and the screen shows the fee before you confirm. See our bank account guide for accounts and transfers.

Keep going

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